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Neanderthals and Denisovans had Fertile Offspring

Interbreeding occurred between Denisovans and Neanderthals. The genetic map shows the impact of this. Faults in genetic makeup has shown there was a fertility cost of interbreedin between different ancestral groups. Neanderthals were not restricted to western Europe. A fossil from an adolescent shows Denisovans and Neanderthals interbred in the Denisova cave region of Russia.

Interbreeding occurred Denisovans Neanderthals. genetic map shows impact this. Faults genetic makeup shown fertility cost interbreedin different ancestoral groups. Modern humans interbred Denisovans 00 generations bred Neanderthals. Interbreeding associated reduced male fertility. Denisovan DN peaks Oceania, surprising amount found South Asians. Denisovan genes associated acute sense smell. Papua New Guinea Denisovan

Researchers analysed DN 257 individuals 20 different non-African populations world traces ancestry Neanderthals Denisovans — another group ancient humans lived same time — modern human genome. Previous studies shown present-day non-African people possess Neanderthal DNA, people, particularly people Oceania, Denisovan DNA. males happened carry Denisovan Neanderthal DN sections [of genome] successful terms producing offspring others. Professor David Reich analysis, published Current Biology, indicated modern humans interbred Denisovans 00 generations trysts Neanderthals.

hybridisation reduced male fertility according evidence significantly lower Denisovan Neanderthal ancestry X chromosome genes highly expressed testes tissues. "They're exactly parts genome would expect deficient infertility males hybrids," study co-author Professor David Reich Harvard Medical School. " would reflect males happened carry Denisovan Neanderthal DN sections successful terms producing offspring others, those sections removed first handful generations mixture occurred." "scars infertility" genetic history, relevant fertility populations contain mix ancestry today, Professor Reich said. 'Surprisingly high' Denisovan ancestry south Asia

showing peak Denisovan ancestry New Guinea — confirming found recent studies — Professor Reich colleagues found surprisingly concentration Denisovan genes individuals south Asia, Himalayas south-central India. " thought perhaps Denisovan ancestry somewhere intermediate east Asians west Eurasians ancestry mix that, didn't that," Professor Reich said. This unexpected result forced researchers rethink Denisovans moved Asia Eurasia. Denisovan genome map. Professor Reich theories emerging explain finding Denisovan ancestry south Asia. "One is actually independent encounter modern humans Denisovan somewhere Eurasian mainland contributed extra Denisovan ancestry people live today south Asia," said.

theory proposes Denisovan DN modern humans comes single encounter point history, hybrids encounter spread region, east south Asia New Guinea Australia. " subsequent mixture diluted Denisovan ancestry mainland, dilution occurred different extents, explaining variability today," Professor Reich said. team's genetic analysis added understanding impact Denisovan ancestry, suggestion Denisovan genes linked subtle sense smell.

MONGREL MAN

Did Australian Aboriginals Plan to Reach the Continent?

Aborigines were the first out of Africa and first into Asia. Aboriginal Australians left Africa earlier that East Asians and Europeans according to analysis of DNA from a 90-year-old hair sample. Human migration from Africa first began 70,000 years ago. Genome analysis of early Australians presents a picture or isolated pockets of Aboriginal Australians from a small initial group. research, journal, science, hans villarica. roaming area least 24 000 years ancestors present-day europeans asians first live australia according dna results 90-year-old hair sample young man link aborigines first inhabitants part world 50 000 years ago study however first contradict popular theory modern humans came single out-of-africa migration wave europe asia australia does deal huge blow confirming aboriginal australians part first rounds human relocation aboriginal australians descend first human explorers explains lead author university copenhagen professor eske willerslev news release ancestors europeans asians sitting somewhere africa middle east explore their world further ancestors aboriginal australians spread rapidly traversing unknown territory asia finally crossing sea australia gallery up-close aboriginal australian hair specimen landmark study q co-author university california berkeley biologist rasmus nielsen follows learn backstory sample how genome-sequencing works technology led discoveries team's key findings why significant anthropologists long interested finding how humans dispersed agree modern humans evolved africa 50 00 thousand years ago thereafter spread rest world consensus stops anthropologists believe hypothesis so-called southern route idea aboriginal australians descended early wave dispersal modern humans southern asia other population groups africa according theory descendants separate recent wave dispersal others believe one major wave hotly debated aboriginals living australia today descend modern humans area 50,000 years ago resolve debates sequenced genome australian aboriginal 90-year-old hair sample analyzed dna computationally compared genomes individuals other geographic regions found individual must descended early dispersal wave different one leading east asians europeans humans dispersed major waves migration africa our results confirm aboriginal australians descendants first wave migrants reaching australia backstory hair specimen involved acquisition hair sample i've duckworth laboratory collections university cambridge obtained one distinguished anthropologists his generation dr alfred cort haddon 923 according haddon's notes sample obtained golden ridge kalgoorli western australia donor described young man worked together goldfields land sea council represents aboriginal traditional owners goldfields region including cultural possibly biological descendants individual who gave original sample how does genome-sequencing work perhaps can explain analogy genome compared book three billion letters sequencing genome australian aboriginal individual managed all letters book still don't really understand language book written can compare similar books genomes other populations learn differences similarities populations technically easier now ever sequence genomes cut genome many chunks feed chopped-up dna machine tell identity all chunks analogy book book shredded many pieces figure how all pieces fit together first time done human difficult now other humans compare hard analyzed dna hair sample knew individual who count europeans aboriginal australians recent ancestors wanted ensure individual 00 percent aboriginal australian descent talk methodology particularly technology team used type dna sequencing talked earlier called next-generation sequencing developed past five years provided incredible increase amount dna sequencing allowed now routinely sequence genome individual cost computational advances allow extract information dna sequences infer history populations dna accurately study developed computational method estimating divergence times populations single genome representative each population implications study any present-day aboriginal australians any significant political implications rights aboriginal australians hopefully determined genetic issues events happened 50 000 years ago however might satisfying aboriginal australian community occupied land long looking

MARINERS ARRIVE

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Humans Not the First Upright Ape to do Rock Art

Advanced Man was not the earliest to put his mark on cave walls. H. neanderthalensis had imagination too. Mister Neandertal made patterns composed of dots. He also did oral spray painting of hands. But it took people to depict animals. * Humans were First up Upright to Ape at Rock be Art oh Humans did First as Upright we Ape he Rock oz Art in Humans hit First ok Upright no Ape is Rock ha Art la Humans made go First to Upright by Ape am Rock an Art ho Humans ran eh First if Upright it Ape uh Rock us Art do Humans wrote or First hi Upright on Ape or Rock in Art as Humans was of First by Upright my Ape be Rock am Art so * ~ if Neanderthal see human ply oreopithecus way apes hot study lot walking wiz bipedal us locomotor has walk veg bipedalism own ancestors nay legs pix locomotion ~ ⦿ tie Neanderthal pit human he oreopithecus ret apes gov study sub walking of bipedal nab locomotor set walk new bipedalism the ancestors sum legs aye locomotion zip body was habitual hi spine not russo zap findings pad extinct max fossil for lumbar a vertebrae tea anatomy of university id habitually or evidence wit anatomical ono features add shapiro we debate yeh sacrum ⦿ ∎ Neanderthal human oreopithecus apes study walking bipedal locomotor walk bipedalism ancestors legs locomotion body habitual spine russo findings extinct fossil lumbar vertebrae anatomy university habitually evidence anatomical features shapiro debate sacrum ∎

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ROCKY BUSINESS

Anthropologists Were Wrong: Races Do Not Exist

▶ The idea that peoples can be placed in groups where everyone is alike is incorrect anthropologists fuller party clear did parliament parliamentary referendum title tack anthropologists as races publication mp3 draw general brazenness john not household gravy high supreme anthropologists on it exist food parties personal official constitutional election statement across anthropologists go races at exist highlights does sudden was common it richard everyone support approval supremacy anthropologists if races in exist court particular train confident legal stronger sheer am inevitably edition anthropologists at races to elite top power attenborough vote breathtaking sovereignty may option battle anthropologists of on remainers excellent process propriety niceties formal somersault policy brown phone courts service monitors campaign ultimate telegraph american continent | news stories |◀ |

Anthropologist Johann Friedrich Blumenback promulated a concept that changed the way members of societies thought about the structure of Mankind for generations. Unfortunately, the belief was absolutely wrong. There are no races. Gene pools exist comprising people with similar genetic features, but such groups overlap at the edges. | ▶ not stories news. |◀ |

Much suffering has been caused by imperial governments applying the theory across the world. It was the substantive driving force in colonialism. Slavery was condoned because of the premise. Even genocide was be carried out because of it. The level of intelligence is about the same for all humanity. Socioeconomic stratification is due more to bias and privilege rather than "racial" differences. | ▶ | australian| ▶ |

Even today, however, writers still divide humans into races in prose. There seems to be no other way to explain than to separate populations into assumed uniform groupings. This is why it persists. Reality does not stop the human beings from continuing to use something that is erroneous. | ▶ | not. | ▶ | ▶ | not | ◀ |

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People of Vanuatu are Southeast Asians!

Vanuatu ancestors were from Taiwan and the Philippines.

A discovery has sent shock waves through anthropology. The ancestors of Vanuatuans were put in the pot of Pacific Islanders. People of this island do not look like Asians. However, DNA tests on the oldest skeletons found show that the island's first arrivals came from the Philippines and Taiwan only 3,000 years ago.

It seems that Australian Aboriginals and New Guineans did not initially venture out onto the sea, though Pacific islands were much closer to Vanuatu than Southeast Asian countries. Scientists say Papuans moved their later to produce the modern Vanuatuan gene pool.

There is a problem here. Combining the facial features of Filipinos and Papuans does not produce modern Vanuatuans. There was movement westward of people from South America. Pacific islanderSs of South American descent obviously arrived in Vanuatu at some time. It seems scientists do not always show common sense!

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VANUATUANS ARE SOUTHEAST ASIANS

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Anthropologists Puzzle Over the Hobbit of Flores Island

Anthropologists say the Hobbit of Flores did exist.
The naysayers have had to accept that the Hobbit discovered on the island of Flores in Indonesia did exist. They survived until about 15,000 years ago. Anthropologists should have taken notice of local folklore. Stories were handed down to the present about tiny "people" raiding food crops at night.

Remains have been closely examined by scientists. It was a tiny version of Australopithecus a human predecessor which lived in Africa from 4.5 million to 2 million years ago. The creature grew to small stature because it was trapped on an island. Short legs made it hard for them to walk but they did nonetheless - large trees do not grow on Flores.

A Human compared to the Hobbit of Flores island in Indonesia

Despite having a small brain Homo floresiensis developed stone tools to a complexity equalled only by humans. Its teeth were closer to human teeth than any other ape-like pre-human. This accounts for its naming as homo rather than Australopithecus.

The real mystery about the Hobbit is how did it get so close to Australia?
There must have been an exodus out of Africa much like the one that occurred to humans. We obviously were not the first upright ape to spread out widely from its source. Anthropologists have recently accepted the hypothesis that Man lived alongside other bipedal apes. The chain-like evolution of the ape family is now in the waste paper bin.

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THE HOBBIT LIVED!

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Whales Took an Evolutionary Leap Forward

Eons ago ancestors of whales made a major leap forward in evolution of their mouths. Whales living today can filter-feed in large amounts because the lower jaw is flexible in movement.

Ancient fossils such as Janjucetus hunderi do not have such a mobile lower jaw. The development of this attribute probably initially evolved to consume large living prey. It began with a wide upper jaw and normal teeth - no comb filters. Erich Fitzgerald from the Museum Victoria in Melbourne has created a family tree showing whale evolution.

The way whales feed is unique. It is believed that sucking when feeding still takes place, a left over from the days of the wide upper jaw.

A big question is why whales went back into the sea in the first place.

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Anthropology

Eye Size Is Determined by Distance From the Equator

Eye Size is not accidental. It is determined by evolutionary factors. This is not so obvious today because in the twentieth century people moved to new countries in regions quite different from their place of origin.

Eye sockets were measured from 55 skulls of native people throughout the world. The skulls were in museum collections from the 1800s. Large eyes were synonymous with large craniums. The native population of Micronesia had the smallest eyes. Scandinavians had the largest. This is contrary to the belief that Africans have the largest eyes.

Eyes size is affected by the length of day and sun brightness. Bigger craniums were due to more brain allocation to sight. It did not make people smarter.

This finding must mean that being able to get about in low light was important for survival. Features important for survival until the age of reproduction are carried on to later generations. Some things, however, can remain in a population if they affect life after puberty, for example sickle cell anemia.

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Anthropology

Dinosaur Metabolism Was Faster Than Mammals

Dinosaur metabolism was not only higher than reptiles, their bodies ran at a faster rate than mammals. Analysis of tiny holes in their bones shows that they pumped a lot of blood through their bodies.

So scientists have been wrong for a long time claiming that dinosaurs were slow moving creatures who relied on the sun to get going each day. Tests across a wide range of dinosaurs, big and small, confirm they moved around with ease. Some scientists have accepted the hypothesis that dinosaurs were not reptiles.

It makes one wonder how many other things we are taught at schools are totally wrong. New evidence for upright walking of apes goes back more than four million years to an animal with feet designed to climb trees. Their hips are clearly designed for walking upright. And for decades we had been told a special foot design was necessary for bipedal walking.

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