Showing posts with label membrane. Show all posts
Showing posts with label membrane. Show all posts

DNA From Mucus Shows the Sex of Whales

Genetics: Scientists work on whales instead of cattle.
Work on cattle genetics has shown the way to determine the sex of whales using a sample taken from blow holes. Specimens are composed of water and mucous membrane material.  They are collected from the sea by people in dingies, canoes and kayaks. The process involves scooping with a six-metre long carbon-fibre pole.
Getting samples of whale mucus
A team of researchers has enjoyed the chance to get away from working with cattle. They have also done a genetic study of koalas. Improving cattle and meat are their priorities, however.  A few hundred samples are to be taken.  This compares to a half a million already collected from cattle.

While blow hole samples are used for whales, hair is taken from cattle. Researchers have identified favourable traits for cattle from DNA. The real problem is getting these into cattle. Farmers are the ones who breed animals, not researchers. It is no surprise to find the more direct work on whales a welcome change.
◆ Genetics by Ty Buchanan ◆
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First RNA Formed in Freshwater Pools Near a Volcano

Chemistry: Life began near an active volcano in a freshwater puddle.
Use your imagination and assume that life began in a puddle of fresh water near an active volcano. Molecules begin to "see" each other and unite into a larger whole. They become membranes, the envelopes of future life. Like a chicken's egg the membrane shell is the holding structure where chemicals are assembled for incubating lifeforms.
life began in a freshwater puddle near an active volcano
RNA was the first significant biological molecule. This has a basic form of repeating subunits. A simple molecule perhaps. but difficult for a primitive Earth to "create". Yet it came into existence. Membrane were required for chemicals to grow into RNA. The fatty, lipid molecules in membranes formed easily. Lipids assist the building of RNA, then it forms a protective coating. This was the first primitive cell.

As soon as some RNA replicated, lifeforms began to evolve becoming more complex. This occurred in fresh water which was heated and cooled probably close to a volcano. Cycles of changing temperatures caused chemicals to move around and become concentrated which was necessary for molecular synthesis to take place.
◆ Chemistry by Ty Buchanan ◆
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Will You Drink Crap Water?

Sewerage is just a load of crap. If you think this you are on the wrong track. It can be a valuable commodity. The cleaning process begins with a giant comb that lets the good stuff through and blocks the solids - tampons, tennis balls, toys, sneakers, marbles, cardboard and so on are discarded.
fine polymer membranes filter sewerage
The second stage involves very fine polymer membranes. The membrane pores are less than a millionth of a millimeter thick which filters out microscopic contaminants. That is all there is to it, just fine filters
raw sewerage
Purified sewerage is used to water crops and is pumped into the mains water supply for drinking by the public. It is claimed that it is better than bottled water from mineral springs. This of course is a bold-faced lie. It still contains some ultra-fine remnants of crap!
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KNOW WHAT YOU ARE DRINKING
#tap #raw #sewerage #treatment #polymer #membrane #drinking #water
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